D\u00f6nemin \u0130mparator ve Krallar\u0131n\u0131n tutarl\u0131 bir b\u00fct\u00e7e d\u00fczeni olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, s\u00fcrekli harcama yapar ve s\u0131k s\u0131k para s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ekerlerdi. Ayr\u0131ca savunma veya sava\u015f durumunda kald\u0131klar\u0131nda beklenmedik harcamalara kar\u015f\u0131 haz\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olmazlard\u0131. Bu durumda \u00e7aresiz kal\u0131p bankerlerin kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7alarlard\u0131. Bunun bilincinde olduklar\u0131ndan, bankerleri s\u00fcrekli ho\u015f tutarlar ve en iyi \u015fekilde a\u011f\u0131rlarlard\u0131. Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n t\u0131mar sistemini bilmediklerinden ordular\u0131 her sefere \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hazineden b\u00fcy\u00fck mebla\u011flar \u00f6denirdi.<\/p>\n
Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n en zorlu rakibi Kutsal Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu idi. Fransa da ayn\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7ten \u00e7ekindi\u011finden tabii olarak Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya yak\u0131n durmaktayd\u0131. Ancak Protestanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6nem kazanmas\u0131 bilhassa Hollanda\u2019da \u0130spanyollar eliyle sorunlar yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Hristiyan \u00fclkeler genellikle sava\u015fmaktan ziyade aristokrat ailelerin aralar\u0131ndaki evliliklerle toprak ediniyorlard\u0131. \u0130spanya bu tip bir ili\u015fki ile Germen \u0130mparatorlu\u011funa ba\u011fl\u0131 idi. Osmanl\u0131, bilhassa Kanuni Protestanlar\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn sadeli\u011fine yak\u0131n hissediyor ve ayr\u0131ca \u015earlken\u2019i zay\u0131flatmak amac\u0131yla Hollanda\u2019daki Protestanlara ciddi manevi destek veriyorlard\u0131. Bu konuda Jozef Nasi\u2019nin somut giri\u015fimleri vard\u0131. Hollanda\u2019n\u0131n ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde gelen ki\u015filerle temas kurup Osmanl\u0131 deste\u011fini s\u00fcrekli yineliyordu.<\/p>\n
16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda finans d\u00fcnyas\u0131 \u015feffaf ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi kolayd\u0131. Amerika hen\u00fcz ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z devlet olarak ortada olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan para piyasas\u0131 Anvers\u2019te olu\u015fmu\u015ftu. Burada d\u00f6rt ana oyuncu vard\u0131. Germenlerin Fugger\u2019i, Welsley\u2019ler, \u0130talyan Affiatatiler ve Mendes M\u00fcessesesi. Sonu\u00e7ta \u0130mparatorlar bu d\u00f6rt banker grubuna devaml\u0131 muhta\u00e7 olurlard\u0131 ve iyi ge\u00e7inmek zorundayd\u0131lar. Bug\u00fcn finans alemi \u00e7ok daha \u00e7apra\u015f\u0131k olsa da sonu\u00e7ta etkileri daha az belirgin olsa da yine de devlet y\u00f6neticilerin dikkatle izlemeleri gerekenler dev finans gruplar\u0131 ve kendi \u00fclkelerindeki bankalar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Yani finans hep \u00f6n plandayd\u0131 ve idaricelerle i\u00e7i\u00e7eydi.<\/p>\n
\u0130spanya ve Portekiz az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kovduktan bir s\u00fcre sonra alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 kapatmakla kalmad\u0131lar, her ge\u00e7en as\u0131rda biraz daha d\u00fcnya g\u00fcc\u00fc olmaktan uzakla\u015ft\u0131lar. Az\u0131nl\u0131klar biraz da g\u00fcvensizliklerinden dolay\u0131 daha fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak zorundad\u0131r. Bu durum yerel halk\u0131 da rekabete zorlamaktayd\u0131. Yerel halk s\u0131rtlar\u0131n\u0131 baz\u0131 ki\u015fi ya da gruplara dayay\u0131p yan gelip yatmaktan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yordu. \u00dcretken olmaya zorlayan bir demografik yap\u0131 vard\u0131. Yani yanda\u015fl\u0131k zihniyetinden uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p meritokratik ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla dinamik bir platforma ta\u015f\u0131maktayd\u0131. Az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri k\u0131s\u0131tlanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 serbest ve e\u015fit rekabet ortam\u0131 \u00fclkeyi daha renkli ve yarat\u0131c\u0131 hale getirir, b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fcr zenginle\u015ftirir. Amerika\u2019n\u0131n az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131 ve g\u00f6\u00e7menleri sayesinde geli\u015fti\u011fine inan\u0131l\u0131r ve bu grubun mensuplar\u0131n\u0131 devletin her kademsinde ve ekonominin her alan\u0131nda \u00fcst s\u0131ralarda g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
16. Y\u00fczy\u0131l Avrupas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n not karnesi insani a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00e7ok alt s\u0131ralarda idi. \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda \u0130spanya Kral\u0131 Ferdinand, amac\u0131n\u0131n \u201ctek bayrak, tek lisan ve tek din\u201d olarak a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Yahudi ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara kar\u015f\u0131 inan\u0131lmaz zorluklar ile katliamlara neden<\/p>\n
olmu\u015flard\u0131. Fatih\u2019le ba\u015flayan 5 b\u00fcy\u00fck padi\u015fah\u0131n her d\u00f6neminde \u0130mparatorluk s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde engin din ve inan\u00e7 \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Padi\u015fah\u0131n kendi iste\u011fi ile de\u011fil geleneklerinden gelen mecburiyetinden dolay\u0131 teminat alt\u0131nda idi. \u0130\u015fte bundan dolay\u0131 o d\u00f6nemde Osmanl\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir Yahudi g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc al\u0131p ve bu insanlardan, Halil \u0130nalc\u0131k\u2019\u0131n da tarafs\u0131zs\u0131z anlat\u0131m\u0131ndan da anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, azami \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yararlanmay\u0131 bilmi\u015ftir. Jozef Nasi Kanuni taraf\u0131ndan Frenk beyi, Tiberias Lordu ve Selim taraf\u0131ndan Nak\u015fa ve Ar\u015fipelin D\u00fck\u2019\u00fc \u00fcnvanlar\u0131na lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi bu kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 yararlanman\u0131n en bariz ispat\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Hristiyan Bat\u0131 Yahudilere ba\u015fta ho\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcp, onlar\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hareketli i\u015f ortamlar\u0131ndan yararlan\u0131p sonra da soymaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve onlar\u0131 evlerini barklar\u0131n\u0131 terk edip ka\u00e7maya zorlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130nan\u0131lmaz k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ayr\u0131l\u0131klar olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kucak a\u00e7mas\u0131, tebas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zl\u00fck haklar\u0131n\u0131 zaman\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00f6n\u00fcnde, hatta g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde dahi \u00f6rnek g\u00f6sterilebilecek \u015fekilde korumas\u0131 diye alg\u0131lanabilir. Bu zeki ve en \u00f6nemli ba\u015far\u0131lara imza atm\u0131\u015f Padi\u015fahlar Yahudilere kucak a\u00e7\u0131p onlara \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck bah\u015fedip ticaret ve diplomaside \u0130mparatorluklar\u0131na zenginlikler katm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Dona Gracia ba\u015fta dini \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini sa\u011flamak ve ayn\u0131 zamanda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her k\u00f6\u015fesinde Yahudilerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131r d\u00f6ng\u00fcy\u00fc k\u0131rmak, h\u00fcr ve onurlu ya\u015famlar\u0131 olabilecek, kendilerini savunabilecekleri bir topra\u011fa yerle\u015ftirmekti. Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya gelerek bu emellerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmede \u00f6nemli mesafe katetmi\u015ftir. Bat\u0131da horlanan Yahudileri Osmanl\u0131ya ka\u00e7\u0131rarak dini \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini temin etmi\u015fti. Daha sonra Kanuni\u2019den Tiberias b\u00f6lgesinde yar\u0131 otonom bir b\u00f6lge olu\u015fturarak Yahudilerin kendilerini y\u00f6netecekleri bir ortam yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu emelleri ile \u00e7abalarken Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya da azami \u015fekilde yararl\u0131 olmay\u0131 daha gelmeden \u00e7ok \u00f6nce i\u015far edinmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n
Osmanl\u0131 Padi\u015fahlar\u0131 kendilerini \u00e7ok \u00fcst\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcp Avrupa Krallar\u0131 veya \u0130mparatorlar\u0131yla yak\u0131n ili\u015fkiler kurmam\u0131\u015flar ayn\u0131 masada yemek yememi\u015flerdi. Bu eksiklik kulaktan dolma ve defalarca yalan yanl\u0131\u015f bilgilerle yan\u0131lt\u0131lmalar\u0131na engel olamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Jozef Nasi, Kutsal Roma \u0130mparatoru Maximilian\u2019\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131f arkada\u015f\u0131, Macar naib Krali\u00e7esi \u015earlken\u2019in karde\u015fi Mary\u2019nin saray\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferli konu\u011fu ve Portekiz Kral\u0131n\u0131n i\u015f orta\u011f\u0131 olarak dokunun i\u00e7inde biri idi. Ayr\u0131ca \u00f6nemli bir banker olmas\u0131 kendisine devaml\u0131 ihtiya\u00e7 duyuldu\u011fundan bat\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce mekanizmalar\u0131na hakimdi. \u0130\u015fte bundan dolay\u0131 fikirleri, de\u011ferli bir devlet adam\u0131 olan Sokollu\u2019ya ra\u011fmen Padi\u015fahlar taraf\u0131ndan dinlenir itibar edilirdi.<\/p>\n
Paras\u0131yla<\/p>\n
T\u0131mar sistemi devam etti\u011fi s\u00fcrelerde Osmanl\u0131, ordu d\u00fczenini kurmak i\u00e7in Bat\u0131 kadar bankerin kredisine ihtiya\u00e7 duymazd\u0131. Bat\u0131 ise kesinlikle ordular\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fc finans imkanlar\u0131na do\u011frudan orant\u0131l\u0131yd\u0131. Bu y\u00fczdendir tersi de\u011filde, Bankerler ordular\u0131n kurulmas\u0131ndaki eksikli\u011fi tamamlar ve sava\u015fabilecek g\u00fcce eri\u015fmesinde kilit rol oynard\u0131.<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
1. Ordular meydanlarda sava\u015f\u0131rken mali sava\u015flar nas\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fcyordu? D\u00f6nemin \u0130mparator ve Krallar\u0131n\u0131n tutarl\u0131 bir b\u00fct\u00e7e d\u00fczeni olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, s\u00fcrekli harcama yapar ve s\u0131k s\u0131k para s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ekerlerdi. Ayr\u0131ca savunma veya sava\u015f…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":487,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"image","meta":[],"categories":[25],"tags":[23,24],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.aaronnommaz.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/388"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.aaronnommaz.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.aaronnommaz.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.aaronnommaz.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.aaronnommaz.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=388"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"http:\/\/www.aaronnommaz.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/388\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":740,"href":"http:\/\/www.aaronnommaz.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/388\/revisions\/740"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.aaronnommaz.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/487"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.aaronnommaz.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=388"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.aaronnommaz.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=388"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.aaronnommaz.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=388"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}